Transport model comparison studies of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Transport models are the main method to obtain physics information on nuclear equation of state and in-medium properties particles from low relativistic-energy heavy-ion collisions. The Model Evaluation Project (TMEP) has been pursued test robustness transport model predictions in reaching consistent conclusions same type physical model. To this end, calculations under controlled conditions input set-up were performed with various participating codes. These included both matter a box periodic boundary conditions, which separately selected ingredients code, more realistic Over years, six studies have within project. In intermediate review, we summarize discuss present status We also provide condensed descriptions 26 codes, contributed some part include major codes use today. After compact description underlying approaches, review results completed so far. They show, that differences between can be well understood convergence reached. highlight systematic two families known names Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck (BUU) Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) However, when compared full collisions using different models, as recently for pion production, they still yielded substantially results. This calls further comparisons important ingredients, like momentum-dependent fields, currently underway. Our evaluation often indicate improved strategies performing simulations thus guidance code developers. Results given will significance if validated against benchmark such ones summarized review.